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Saturday Matinee: In the Mouth of Madness
That Time John Carpenter Went Meta With ‘In the Mouth of Madness’
As always, Carpenter was light years ahead of his time.
By Nick L.
Source: Collider
One of John Carpenter’s more endearing traits is his aversion to self-effacing clowning. This is not at all to suggest that CarpenterтАЩs films aren’t funny тАФ rather, itтАЩs that the living genre legend often opts to play familiar B-movie scenarios completely straight, whether it be a terse gangland standoff rendered as a modern-day Western showdown (Assault On Precinct 13, one of the most influential films of the 20th century) or a masked killer, bereft of any overwrought psychological motive, terrorizing the inhabitants of a sleepy all-American suburb (Halloween, of course). While Carpenter has dabbled in satire (They Live) and high-concept fantasy (Big Trouble In Little China) over the course of his now decades-spanning career, the grounded nature of his approach is often its own reward. The Escape From New York director has all but perfected an economical, tough-minded creative ethos that has gone on to influence an entire generation of filmmakers dabbling in sci-fi, horror, and beyond.
Going Meta Before It Was Cool
In the Mouth of Madness, CarpenterтАЩs glorious 1994 cult masterpiece, might be the most conspicuous exception to this rule. The story of an insurance investigator who begins losing his grip on reality while probing the mysterious disappearance of a lucratively popular horror author named Sutter Cane, In the Mouth of Madness is an unabashedly meta exploration of the creative act as a form of hypnosis. It is not only a film whose central plot conceit is unique to the moral panic that defined so much of the decade in which it was released (the idea that exposure to certain тАЬcorruptтАЭ media could warp one’s brain and possibly even compel one to commit violent acts, etc.), itтАЩs also a cutting cautionary tale about surrendering to artifice and fantasy, and a clever-but-never-obnoxious social lampoon about what it means to be considered the master of a low trade.
Of course, John Carpenter knows a thing or two about being unfairly labeled as the master of a low trade. Carpenter, who is known for his tell-it-like-it-is demeanor, once quipped: тАЬIn England, IтАЩm a horror director. In Germany, IтАЩm a filmmaker. In the U.S., IтАЩm a bum.тАЭ Films like the Jeff Bridges-starring Starman and the memorably nasty high school bloodbath Christine might be considered totemic cult items today, but many of CarpenterтАЩs more beloved works were initially decried as trash in their time. As such, Carpenter and screenwriter Michael De Luca (yes, that Michael De Luca) turn In the Mouth of MadnessтАЩ most important character, Sutter Cane, into the Ernest Hemingway of airport novels. Clearly, the obvious allusion with Cane is Stephen King (or perhaps, to a lesser extent, Clive Barker), right down to the fact that Mouth of Madness eventually makes a narrative detour to HobbтАЩs End: a kind of bastardized stand-in for KingтАЩs own sleepy, creepy fictional borough, Castle Rock.
Third Film of the Apocalypse Trilogy
In The Mouth Of Madness opens with Sam NeilтАЩs John Trent being admitted to a psychiatric hospital. He appears to have gone stark-raving mad, as evidenced by the demented look in his eyes, and the vaguely occult-looking marks heтАЩs scrawled onto his face. In a gesture that feels borrowed from a tale by H.P. Lovecraft (CarpenterтАЩs reverence for Lovecraft is well-documented at this point), Trent begins to recall the tale of how exactly he went mad. We learn that when Trent worked in insurance, his employer (Charlton Heston) tasked him with looking into the matter of Sutter Cane. For all intents and purposes, Cane appears to have vanished off the face of the earth. After its ghoulish prologue, Mouth of Madness settles into a more deliberately routine rhythm, only to disappear further and further down the proverbial rabbit hole as Trent and a colleague, CaneтАЩs editor (memorably played by Julie Carmen), find themselves lost among the otherworldly horrors of HobbтАЩs End.
In The Mouth Of Madness is the third and final film in John CarpenterтАЩs тАЬApocalypse Trilogy,тАЭ which also includes The Thing and the criminally underappreciated Prince of Darkness. In all three films, evil manifests as a primarily unseen, invisible force, often contorting familiar things like dogs, books, and human bodies into horrifying and hitherto-unseen new shapes. In The Thing, Kurt Russell and his motley crew of researchers hole up in icy Arctic seclusion, fending off the malevolent energy of a shapeshifting, violently hostile alien parasite. In Prince Of Darkness, a group of college students occupy an incredibly menacing old church, where they proceed to unearth a tube of neon-green liquid that, if mishandled, could unleash the very literal fury of the devil. Both movies are steeped in Lovecraftian imagery and primordial terror, and both amplify the built-in claustrophobia of their settings to phantasmagoric degrees.
In The Mouth Of Madness is a funnier, sillier, more stylistically gonzo effort than its two predecessors in the trilogy, mostly because it purports to stand outside the nuts and bolts of its superficial narrative, to some degree, and actually comment on the art of what it means to scare people for a living. There is something wickedly ingenious about the idea of a popular novel whose contents are so unholy that reading it would cause one to spiral into a kind of monstrous abyss. If that idea alone were all the movie were interested in, In the Mouth of Madness would still rank as one of CarpenterтАЩs more enjoyable late-career works. And yet, as always, the director is keen to dig deeper into the subtextual resonance of his story, turning what might otherwise be a spooky ’90s chiller тАФ the type of thing you might have caught a rerun of on TBS sometime back in the 2000s тАФ into a cheeky, compelling commentary on the horror pantheon itself, and CarpenterтАЩs place in it.
We live in an era where people willingly and enthusiastically sign themselves over to fictional “universes.” Whether itтАЩs Marvel, Star Wars, Game of Thrones, or perhaps something more obscure, we now inhabit an epoch in which individuals willingly give themselves up to elaborate forms of corporate mythology. In some cases, this sort of fanboy devotion can swallow you whole. In the Mouth of Madness is concerned with this very subject. It is no wonder the film was greeted with such indifferent critical notices upon its release: as always, Carpenter was light years ahead of his time. The scariest thing about In the Mouth of Madness is that, in the world Carpenter hath created, Sutter Cane himself isnтАЩt even seen as a mere writer of trash books тАФ when he’s finally revealed, he is tellingly and literally depicted as a prophet.
Two for Tuesday
Saturday Matinee: The Girl With All the Gifts
By Brian Tallerico
Source: RogerEbert.com
In many ways, Melanie (Sennia Nanua) is just another ordinary girl. She goes to school every day, where sheтАЩs grown affection for her teacher Ms. Justineau (Gemma Arterton). And sheтАЩs at that age where sheтАЩs figuring out whatтАЩs important to her, and how to navigate through the world of adults around her. But Melanie is not an ordinary girl. She will soon be a mindless, soulless zombie, a braindead creature who responds only to a desire to kill and eat people around her. In fact, with the right triggersтАФlike if the adults around her forget to wear their scent-disguising lotionтАФshe could become that right now. Just when you thought the zombie genre was out of ideas, along comes┬аColm McCarthyтАЩs smart and engaging тАЬThe Girl with All the Gifts,тАЭ a film with echoes of┬аGeorge A. Romero,┬аDanny Boyle, and Robert Kirkman but one that also feels confidently its own creation, a unique take on responsibility, adulthood, and a new chapter in evolution.
Melanie isnтАЩt alone. She lives with a number of other zombie-children like her in a bunker beneath a military facility, where sheтАЩs being studied and experimented on by Dr. Caroline Caldwell (Glenn Close), in the hope that they could provide the antidote for what has essentially ended normal human existence. Melanie is one of several second-generation flesh-eaters called тАЬhungries,тАЭ babies who literally ate their way out of their parents but are not behaving in precisely the same way as the brain-dead speedsters that have destroyed humanity. Whenever a child is found in the wild, theyтАЩre taken to this facility, where Dr. Caldwell can experiment on them and Sgt. Eddie Parks (Paddy Considine) can work to control them. Said control involves leg, arm and head restraints whenever the children are anywhere near that oh-so-enticing human flesh.
But Melanie seems so normal and is clearly learning empathy. The good doctor sees that as well, and even starts to loosen some of the restraints keeping Melanie more of an object than a person. Then one day Dr. Caldwell comes for Melanie, ready to dissect her and see exactly what she can learn from this unique child the hard way. Before Dr. Justineau can save her, all hell breaks loose and the facility is overrun. A small group of survivors is forced to travel to another sanctuary city in the hope that itтАЩs still being run by people who donтАЩt eat flesh. Melanie goes with them, and proves to be pretty useful.
One of the major strengths of тАЬThe Girl with All the GiftsтАЭ is evident early in McCarthyтАЩs tactile, believable world-building. Much as Romero paid close attention to such details, the set design, costumes, and the world of тАЬGiftsтАЭ feels lived-in and genuine. And itтАЩs a nature-based aesthetic (dirt on walls, costumes that look worn, etc.) that continues and even strengthens once this ragtag crew is forced from safety and into the dangerous world. ThereтАЩs a visceral, emotional impact to the horror and action of тАЬThe Girl with All the GiftsтАЭ that resonates because the characters and the world they live in feels real to us. ItтАЩs hard to overstate how important this to a horror movie, especially one set in a post-apocalyptic world. If we donтАЩt believe the world is genuine, we wonтАЩt care what happens in it.
Of course, performance goes a long way to amplify this believability as well, and itтАЩs not often you see a horror film with a cast this strong. Close could have gone showy with her doctor with a heart of ice but she plays it straight, again conveying the believability of the moment more than the B-movie archetype this character could have become. Considine and Arterton perfectly convey authority and warmth, respectively, although theyтАЩre good enough to make these people into more than mere plot devices. And Nanua is a find, again never giving her performance with a knowing wink. So sheтАЩs a zombie child who could be the evolutionary key to the futureтАФthis just happens to be her reality.
The traveling band aspect of тАЬThe Walking Dead,тАЭ the cities and landscapes empty of human existence of тАЬ28 Days Later,тАЭ the military aspect of тАЬDay of the DeadтАЭтАФitтАЩs easy to pick apart the influences of тАЬThe Girl with All the Gifts.тАЭ But just as Melanie marks something altogether new in this worldтАФa zombie with a conscienceтАФthe film about her feels inspired by what came before but also good enough to inspire those that come after.
Two for Tuesday
Saturday Matinee: Alphaville
GODARDтАЩS SCI-FI/NOIR ALPHAVILLEтАЩ IS WITTY AND SUBVERSIVE
Alphaville‘s pulpy sci-fi plot acts as a warm coat of familiarity as Godard slyly subverts one genre trope after another.
By Brian Holcomb
Source: PopMatters
In Oliver StoneтАЩs The Doors (1992) Ray Manzarek (Kyle MacLachlan) tells Jim Morrison (Val Kilmer) a story about his experiences working in the Hollywood of the late 1960s. He says he told a studio executive that he did not need a script to make a film. тАЬGodard doesnтАЩt use one,тАЭ Manzarek claimed. The executive replied, тАЬThatтАЩs greatтАж WhoтАЩs Godard?тАЭ
By the late тАЩ60s, Jean-Luc Godard was a legend among young cinephiles. Beginning with Breathless in 1960 and ending with Weekend just eight years later, the caustic former Cahiers Du Cinema film critic made 15 films which can only be described as revolutionary. Both in terms of cinematic form as well as political and personal content, these films broke the old rules while inventing new ones. The use of handheld cameras, jump-cuts, natural light, and improvisation were both old and new things he popularized. Many of these ideas were used during the freewheeling days of silent cinema before filmmaking was industrialized and, in the mind of Godard and his тАЬNew WaveтАЭ colleagues, fossilized.
Godard wanted to provoke. But unlike some of his more didactic later work, these initial films are playfully provocative. Most of them are defined by their adversarial relationship to popular movie genres. Breathless is GodardтАЩs deconstructed take on the crime film. A Woman is a Woman (1961) is his musical comedy.
Alphaville (une ├йtrange aventure de Lemmy Caution) (1965) is two genres for the price of one: science fiction and noir. Maybe itтАЩs even a third genre as well. It can be argued that the film is just another Eddie Constantine тАЬLemmy CautionтАЭ flick. тАЬLemmy CautionтАЭ flicks were big business in France since the тАЩ50s, and Constantine played the role in over a dozen of them. Created by British pulp novelist Peter Cheyney, Caution is either an FBI agent or a private detective, depending on which novel you read, but it doesnтАЩt really matter. HeтАЩs less a character than a genre archetype and itтАЩs the archetype that Godard wanted. Especially one that was already lost in translation: British novels about an American detective adapted into French films starring an American actor speaking French.
Constantine was synonymous with the role, so Godard simply dropped him like a found object into his dystopian science fiction plot. The old fashioned tough guy Lemmy Caution does not belong here. His simple macho values and violent responses are hilarious when placed into this new context. In one scene, he shoots and kills a man then attempts to question him. Caution appears to have no idea what question to ask anyway, as his bizarre mission pits him against a fascist sentient computer called Alpha-60, which rules Alphaville and forbids any expression of emotion. Caution is deadpan but filled with primitive emotions both violent and romantic. ItтАЩs no surprise that Godard considered calling the film тАЬTarzan Versus IBMтАЭ.
By the end of the film, Caution gives up trying to understand the computerтАЩs semantic games and resorts to his base instincts to bring Alphaville down. Along with using his fists and a .45 automatic, Caution expresses love for Natacha Von Braun (Anna Karina), the daughter of Professor Von Braun aka Leonard Nosferatu (Howard Vernon) тАФ the man who built Alpha-60. Natacha grew up in Alphaville and does not know the meaning of words like тАЬLoveтАЭ. Caution challenges her to understand the meaning and challenges Alpha-60 by telling it a riddle that it cannot possibly comprehend.
From this description, the film may seem like a cold intellectual exercise. A film made by Alpha-60 itself. But this isnтАЩt the case. I find Ridley ScottтАЩs Blade Runner (1982), which is obviously inspired by this movie, to be a much colder experience. Alphaville is one of GodardтАЩs wittiest and most emotionally moving. The pulpy sci-fi plot acts as a warm coat of familiarity as Godard slyly subverts one genre trope after another. Godard never really stopped being a film critic. His films were as much essays on how films worked as they were films themselves.
So Godard reveals the artificiality of B-movie fight scenes by presenting them as a series of posed comic book stills and gives Caution melodramatic theme music, which turns abruptly on and off at the most dramatically incorrect and hilarious moments. The excellent score by Paul Misraki shifts from this intentionally clich├йd thriller music to beautiful and haunting pieces full of romantic longing.
This romantic theme is used most effectively at the end of the film, a scene which is a perfect example of what fellow French New Wave director Francois Truffaut called a тАЬprivileged momentтАЭ; brief moments in cinema when the film captures something intangible in a way no other art form could. As MisrakiтАЩs score builds, Godard holds on a lengthy closeup of Anna Karina, whose eyes are as hypnotic as any performer in film history. KarinaтАЩs expression slowly and subtly shifts from cold to warm and she ends the film by speaking the words she could not comprehend earlier: тАЬJe vous aimeтАжтАЭ
____________________
Watch Alphaville on Hoopla here: https://www.hoopladigital.com/title/15675583
Two for Tuesday
Saturday Matinee: Belladonna of Sadness
Reconsidering Belladonna of Sadness: Still powerful after almost 50 years
By Carmen Antreasian
Source: Anime Feminist
A cult film originally released in 1973, Belladonna of Sadness can be read as a second-wave feminist work. However, in order to understand the film as feminist, it is important to emphasize that the filmтАЩs plot is based on Jules MicheletтАЩs La Sorci├иre (translated as Satanism and Witchcraft or The Witch of the Middle Ages in English), originally published in 1862. In his book Michelet discusses his conception of the WitchтАЩs way of life and the persecution the Witch faced by feudal Christian societies in the Middle Ages. Michelet defends the Witch in his book as a champion of love and healing and defends witchcraft as a prelude to science: тАЬтАжwe shall mark the beginning of the professional man as juggler, astrologer, or prophet, necromancer, priest, physician. But at first the woman is everythingтАЭ. Belladonna of Sadness follows MicheletтАЩs same view, combining this 19th century vision of the liberated witch with second-wave feminist ideology to create a flawed but fascinating work that invites revisiting even all these years later.
To those unfamiliar with the film, Belladonna of Sadness is the story of Jeanne and the persecution she faces as a woman in a feudal society. The story begins when newlywed Jeanne is gang-raped by the local baron and his attendants under the justification of тАЬprima noctaтАЭ. When her husband falls ill, Jeanne becomes desperate and a clitoral/phallic demon appears to her and gives Jeanne wealth and influence as the village money-lender. She holds this role and this power until she is stripped of itтАУliterallyтАУand chased out of town. She ultimately тАЬsells her soul to the devilтАЭ, which is the grown version of the initial phallic creature, and becomes a witch who lives apart from the village. Plague breaks out in the feudal society, and the villagers eventually join Jeanne, who builds a society that celebrates herbal medication and sexuality. Having lost power over the villagers, the baron offers her power as a means to control her knowledge; when she refuses to tell him, she is burnt at the stake.
This is a film written and directed by men (Yamamoto Eiichi and Fukuda Yoshiyuki) and is considered a Japanese тАЬpink filmтАЭтАЩ as it is includes graphic depictions of sex and nudity. Belladonna of Sadness uses its тАЬpink filmтАЭ attributes in order to demonstrate the plight of the main character Jeanne as an example of MicheletтАЩs Witch. JeanneтАЩs sexuality is the focal point of her journey and the catalyst for the social changes that occur throughout the story.
Created during the Japanese feminist movement of the early 1970s, Belladonna of Sadness is a second-wave feminist film, and itтАЩs impossible to talk about JapanтАЩs womenтАЩs liberation without discussing the ideas of Tanaka Mitsu, arguably its most prominent leader. Tanaka fought against the popular notion of the woman as either a housewife or an object for male sexual pleasure. Instead, she advocated for the woman to be seen as an individual with agency over her own sexuality and shared her own life experiences with sexual assault, including rape and harassment, to inspire other women to support womenтАЩs liberation, a.k.a. uuman libu.
This seems to pair nicely with Jeanne: sheтАЩs initially (and presumably) destined to fulfill a wifely role in marrying her lover Jean but instead is forced into the role of sex object when brutally raped by the baron and his cronies, and gains agency as an individual through the awakening of her own sexuality. After this awakening she does not fall into the housewife/male-sex-object binary but gains power and instead assumes a leadership role in the village. However, the phallic nature of JeanneтАЩs sexual awakening complicates this viewpoint. To explore this, itтАЩs crucial to look at JeanneтАЩs initial encounter with the little creature who awakens her sexuality before тАЬitтАЭ becomes тАЬhimтАЭтАУ the devil/phallus character.
When she first meets the devil/phallus character, Jeanne is in a desperate position. Not only is she emotionally scarred from being raped, but she lives in poverty with her ill husband who, despite telling her they would move on from her assault, later attempted to strangle her. One night while her husband is asleep, a small clitoral-esque creature appears.
The clitoral creature states that it is her. It does not deny being тАЬthe devilтАЭ, but it is born of her desire. Her sexual awakening has begun. The clitoral creature then tickles her all over her body, making her laugh, and she questions how this small thing could give her power. Then it тАЬteachesтАЭ her how to make it grow by rubbing itself in her hand, which turns тАЬitтАЭ into a phallic creature that gives her sexual pleasure as she lays next to her sleeping husband. This is JeanneтАЩs first experience with masturbation, initiated by a clitoral-to-phallic creature, a personification of her individual sexualityтАФтАЬI am youтАЭтАФand summoned by her тАЬscreaming soulтАЭ. The agency of the тАЬsoulтАЭ is another important aspect of 1970s Japanese feminism, as Tanaka stated, тАЬI want to have a stronger soul with which I can burn myself out either in heartlessness or in tenderness. Yes, I want a stronger soul.тАЭ TanakaтАЩs soul calls out for strength as JeanneтАЩs does for power, both qualities that were specifically reserved for men.
JeanneтАЩs individual sexual agency is exactly the kind of liberation Japanese feminists of the early 1970s envisioned, and in the film, it sets in motion JeanneтАЩs success within feudal society. Her sexual awakening was triggered not by the horrific rape she experienced beforehand but by her own, albeit guided, exploration of sexual pleasure without another person. However, it must be noted that this devil creature is gendered with a distinct male voice and phallic appearance.To discuss this, itтАЩs helpful to bring in another element of the 1970s: the psychoanalytic female subject. This idea comes from Jacques LacanтАЩs theory of sexuation, conceived in 1972-1973. While Belladonna was in production as this theory was being published, itтАЩs a useful way to boil down 1970s psychoanalysis to one analytical lens for the purpose of this essay.
Why use psychoanalysis and, of all psychoanalytic theorists, why Lacan, a man who once said that his brand of psychoanalysis wasnтАЩt applicable to the Japanese? Both psychoanalysis and second-wave feminism were popular ways of thinking in the early 1970s that sometimes overlapped and often-times butted heads. Jeanne may be a feminist character, but she is also one created by men. Jeanne may be a character in a Japanese film, but she is also one based on a French manтАЩs story of a witch in the European Middle Ages within a European social structure. And while Lacan might be thoroughly outdated in real life, his influential work still makes for a compelling tool of literary analysis.
Sexuation, to be dangerously brief, is LacanтАЩs theory of how a subject becomes a desiring subject through his/her sexuality. This theory relies on a binary, and there are different roles for male and female subjects. The female subject in sexuation fits one of three roles, two of which are to cater to the male subject and one that seeks what the male subject seeks: the тАЬphallusтАЭ, otherwise known as power. Jeanne is the latter of the three. The phallus manifests when her sexuality is awakened; the phallus gives her power; when she is destitute and chased from the village, she seeks the phallus; again, the phallus gives her power. Jeanne fits the mold almost too perfectlyтАж but does she?
If Jeanne were to truly fit LacanтАЩs mold as female-subject-who-seeks-the-phallus/power, then she would not be able to dismantle the patriarchal social structure once she becomes the leader of the village. Why? Because she would then be playing into a patriarchal structure herself, adhering to an identity constructed by men for a woman in power. When she first gains power and wealth in the feudal system, she continues to lead in accordance with it. She still pays and collects taxesтАФin fact, her husband becomes the tax collectorтАФand she still meets with her superiors in the feudal system. Nothing systemic really changes except that she becomes the leader of the villagers and brings them wealth.
Jeanne is exposed to the violence and greed of those men for which the system was created once they deem her a threat to their power, and so she is eventually chased out of the village and away from the system completely. This is the moment when she тАЬsells her soul to the devilтАЭ. It is a desperate moment, as was the very first time the clitoral-phallic creature appeared to her. This time, though, the creature is entirely phallic, monstrously large and referred to as the devil, but there is one very important detail to remember: тАЬI am you.тАЭ
This phallic character, once a small creature on a spool of thread, is a manifestation of her sexuality. Yes, it is exceedingly heterosexual, and a product of male writers and animators, but Joanne still has agency to engage with the manifestation of sexual desire and independence she herself has cultivated. Albeit clearly depicted as masculine, the devil phallus does not adhere to the feudal social structure but rather an invitation to the possibility of something new, born of embodiment rather than socially constructed.
Bodily knowledge, although depicted heteronormatively, is what creates JeanneтАЩs new society. The beautifully animated scene of JeanneтАЩs sexual experience with the devil is also full of Yonic imagery. When the devil appears to her, he parts the clouds by flying down in a circular motion, revealing a clear sky without a sun. Just before the devil lands, however, he shoots out of a shape in this clear blue sky: vaginally-shaped pink, red and purple oval. This vaginal space appears to stand in for the sun and allows the devil to manifest on the earth. This phallus originates from the vaginal.
Once Jeanne and the devilтАЩs intercourse climaxes, images of modernтАФokay, 1973-modernтАФentertainment, technology and everyday life flash before the viewerтАЩs eyes, signifying that she made it happen. This is in accordance with MicheletтАЩs message that it is the woman who was first to create and resonates with 1970s Japanese feminist Raicho HiratsukaтАЩs sentiment that тАЬin the beginning woman was the sunтАЭ, evidence of the importance of the aforementioned Yonic imagery in the film. JeanneтАЩs embodied sexuality sparks the possibility for all that will be created, even that which is phallic.
Jeanne gets another chance at dismantling the feudal patriarchal social structure when the black death, better known as the Plague, destroys the village. One of the not-dead-yet villagers finds himself near her, and she cures him with what he refers to as тАЬpoison,тАЭ telling him тАЬpoison is medicine.тАЭ He goes back to tell the others, who spread rumors that she is a witch but run to join her because of her healing powers, sympathy toward others, and rejection of social hierarchies and sexual norms. On these foundations she builds her own society, one that is inclusive, even to those who have wronged her and come to her for help. She builds a society based on liberation, kindness, and open-mindedness.
She provides antidotes specifically related to female reproduction such as labor pain medication and birth control, access to which was a large part of the Japanese womenтАЩs liberation movement in the 1970s (and remains an issue there as it does abroad). People are free to have sex as often as they wish without worrying about the potential financial burden of having children. People are free to experiment sexually, shown in the orgy scene in JeanneтАЩs hair. Her new society is not a patriarchal one, but she also did not have to dismantle the previous patriarchal society to create her own. The Plague provides the conditions to build her feminist society separate from the existing feudal structure. Her society is not a rebellion or antithesis of the feudal structure but a revolutionary system of its own making.
Jeanne and her sexualityтАФfrom тАЬselling her soulтАЭ to the devil/phallus, who is also a part of herselfтАФdemonstrate that a feminist society is possible, though its conception of what that might encompass is limited due in part to the restrictions of MicheletтАЩs source material. The sexual symbolism in the villagerтАЩs activities are heterosexually binary, and the villagers all form man/woman pairs when they first engage with JeanneтАЩs society. The bodies of the villagers continue to be drawn as either clearly heteronormatively male or female as well.
The major exception is the non-heteronormative sexuality depicted in JeanneтАЩs alternative society during the long orgy scene in JeanneтАЩs hair, where the villagers are all connected in sexual positions and occasionally break out to showcase various other non-hetero sexual scenarios.There are moments of bisexuality seen in the orgy and one flash of two men together, but anytime a person strays from being either cis male or female, they are merged with an animal and meant to be comical. This lack of tender, intimate queerness even under liberation becomes the biggest failing of the filmтАЩs vision.
Ultimately, however, Jeanne and the villagers are forced to go back to feudal society. JeanneтАЩs husband comes to her, telling her she will be forgiven by the lord if she returns. She isnтАЩt fooled by the lordтАЩs blatant lie, but she knows that if she doesnтАЩt go back, the lord will send troops to capture and kill her. She is in a lose-lose situation. The patriarchal structure proves its all-powerful authority, and that her separatism is impossible without dismantling the oppressive structures she fled. When she goes back, the lord does, in fact, offer her land in exchange for her knowledge.
He not only wants her powerтАФthe lord wants to indoctrinate her power into a patriarchal system, taking the feminine healerтАЩs тАЬwitchcraftтАЭ and rebranding it as тАЬscienceтАЭ. The lord desperately tries to get her to reveal her healing power by offering her more and more power in the feudal system, but Jeanne is not interested in being a part of his patriarchal hierarchy. SheтАЩs experienced the possibility of a feminist society and desires revolution over anything she could obtain in the existing structure.
During the filmтАЩs final moments, when Jeanne is burned at the stake, the faces of the women villagers watching her begin to change one by one to resemble her face, symbolizing the perpetuation of JeanneтАЩs influence. These villagersтАЩ faces reflecting JeanneтАЩs face is a sign of JeanneтАЩs legacy. It is revolutionary in its admission that itтАЩs possible to envision a society outside of the existing oppressive structure.
Watching the film in 2022 through an intersectional lens informed by evolving feminist and queer theories, Belladonna of Sadness may no longer seem progressive. The тАЬgirl powerтАЭ message its male writers were trying to get across may be lost in its overwhelmingly graphic heterosexuality, and MicheletтАЩs vision of The Witch may not resonate or hold the same power for contemporary viewers.
The homogeneity of the womensтАЩ faces at the end of the film demonstrate that the тАЬgirl powerтАЭ Jeanne had put in motion is homogenous. It suggests that there is only one type of woman that can grasp and perpetuate JeanneтАЩs vision. Through a lens of queer and critical race theory, the womensтАЩ faces merely play into existing power structures, as the faces are all the same and, most importantly, all white with feminine traits such as big eyes, dark eyelashes, full pink lips. A truly radical depiction of JeanneтАЩs society in these face changes to push against patriarchal power structures would include a wide array of faces.
Through hindsight it may not hold up today in some regards, but I firmly believe that it is still revolutionary in that it depicts the possibility of a society based in the power of sexual freedom, healing, and care, rather than one that merely reconfigures existing patriarchal structures. The society Jeanne creates outside the feudal land is radical. Her society is necessarily birthed of the female body; even the phallus cannot come into being without her sexuality. Belladonna of Sadness is a historically important film that deserves to be revisited and reconsidered. It helps us better understand current feminist thought by knowing where weтАЩve come from and, in analyzing its flaws as well as its more deeply embedded subversions, allows us to push current critical theory even further.
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Watch Belladonna of Sadness on Kanopy here: https://www.kanopy.com/en/product/584431
